Niaj hnub nimno haiv neeg muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog hluav taws xob. Kom tau txaishluav taws xob zog, tib neeg siv ntau hom hluav taws xob, suav nrog fossil fuels, hydropower, cua zog, hnub ci zog, hluav taws xob tshuaj, thiab hluav taws xob nuclear, hloov lub zog no rau hauv hluav taws xob rau kev siv. Ntawm cov no, cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem hloov lub zog ncaj qha los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog hu ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (feem ntau hu ua roj teeb).
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau xyoo pua 18th. Nyob rau hauv 1786, Italian biologist Garvani thawj zaug pom qhov contraction ntawm qav ob txhais ceg thaum lub sij hawm ib tug qav dissection xyaum ua tej yam thiab hu ua nws bioelectricity. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1800, lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Italian, Volta, raws li Garvani txoj kev tshawb fawb, tau npaj ib txoj kev xav tshiab: nws ntseeg hais tias qhov twitching ntawm Qav ceg yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tam sim no generated los ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov hlau sib txawv. Raws li qhov kev xav no, Volta stacked zinc thiab tooj liab los xij ua ke thiab sib cais lawv nrog tawv soaked hauv dej ntsev, yog li tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiag tiag, lub npe nrov Voltaic pawg, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1-3. Nyob rau hauv 1836, British inventor Daniel tau txhim kho Volta tus tsim thiab tsim ntau lub tswv yim Daniell roj teeb. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub roj teeb thev naus laus zis tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhim kho sai, nrog cov roj teeb tshiab xws li lead-acid roj teeb, zinc{11}} roj teeb manganese, thiab cadmium- cov roj teeb nickel tshwm sim ib zaug. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nrog kev nce qib hauv thev naus laus zis, ntau yam khoom siv roj teeb siab tau tsim, suav nrog zinc- roj teeb nyiaj, hlau-nickel roj teeb, nickel{17}}hlau hydride roj teeb, lithium hlau roj teeb, lithium-ion roj teeb, thiab roj hlwb. Cov kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim no tau siv dav hauv ntau yam ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no.
Tam sim no, muaj ntau hom roj teeb ntawm lub khw, thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm txawv. Raws li hom electrolyte siv, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg: cov neeg siv cov kua qaub aqueous daws raws li cov electrolytes hu ua acidic roj teeb; cov uas siv alkaline aqueous daws yog hu ua alkaline roj teeb; cov uas siv nruab nrab aqueous daws yog hu ua neutral batteries; thiab cov roj teeb uas siv cov tshuaj organic electrolyte yog hu ua organic electrolyte solution batteries. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov khoom siv- lub xeev electrolyte roj teeb tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv electrolytes; thiab cov roj teeb uas siv cov ntsev molten li electrolytes hu ua molten ntsev electrolyte roj teeb.
Feem ntau, cov roj teeb tau muab faib ua raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm thiab lub zog cia cov tshuab, feem ntau poob rau hauv plaub pawg loj:
Cov roj teeb tseem ceeb
(1) Cov roj teeb tseem ceeb, tseem hu ua galvanic cells, xa mus rau ib hom roj teeb uas tsis tuaj yeem rov qab los rau nws lub xeev thawj zaug tom qab tso tawm los ntawm kev them rov qab. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov roj teeb no tsuas siv tau ib zaug xwb. Yog vim li cas cov roj teeb tseem ceeb tsis yog -rechargeable yog tias lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sab hauv yog inherently irreversible, los yog txawm tias theoretically reversible, ua kom tau ib tug reversible cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim tej yam kev mob yog heev nyuaj. Zinc- roj teeb manganese thiab lithium manganese dioxide roj teeb yog ob qho piv txwv ntawm cov roj teeb tseem ceeb.
Secondary roj teeb
(2) Cov roj teeb thib ob, tseem hu ua cov roj teeb cia, yog cov roj teeb uas tuaj yeem rov qab tau lawv cov khoom siv sab hauv mus rau lawv lub xeev ua ntej - tso tawm los ntawm kev them rov qab tom qab tso tawm, yog li ua rau kev siv cyclic. Cov roj teeb no tau siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam. Cov roj teeb uas sawv cev nruab nrab suav nrog cov hmoov lead-acid roj teeb, nickel-hlau hydride roj teeb, thiab lithium- roj teeb ion.
Cov roj teeb cia
(3) Cov roj teeb cia, tseem hu ua activated batteries, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tseem tshuav sib cais thaum khaws cia, lossis cov electrolyte nyob hauv lub xeev tsis ua haujlwm. Lawv tsuas yog pib ua haujlwm thaum xav tau, tom qab ua haujlwm los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj electrolyte lossis lwm txoj kev. Vim tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab tsis zoo electrode tsis tuaj yeem tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia, cov roj teeb no zoo tagnrho rau kev khaws cia ntev -. Zinc- roj teeb nyiaj thiab magnesium- roj teeb tooj liab chloride yog ob hom roj teeb cia.
Roj hlwb
(4) Roj hlwb, tseem hu ua roj teeb tas li, muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo uas ua haujlwm rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xav tau rau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo electrodes yog khaws cia rau sab nraud thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau lub roj teeb thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, yog li muab lub zog txuas ntxiv mus. Cov roj hluav taws xob feem ntau suav nrog cov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab cov roj alkaline.
Piv nrog rau lwm hom hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshuaj muaj npe nrov rau lawv cov kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob siab, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, kev nyab xeeb siab, yooj yim ntawm miniaturization, thiab kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau cov roj teeb tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub zog cia roj teeb yog sib cais los ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo thiab kev siv technology tshiab; ib txhij, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov roj teeb technology kuj txhawb kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev loj hlob ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Yog li ntawd, thaj chaw ntawm lub zog cia roj teeb tseem muaj kev loj hlob dav dav rau lub sijhawm ntev tuaj.