Kuv tau siv sijhawm ntau dhau los nyeem cov ntawv dawb thiab cov ntawv spec txoglub zog cia. Thiab ntawm no yog qhov kuv tau xam pom: tag nrho cov toj roob hauv pes yog messier thiab nthuav ntau dua li cov ntawv feem ntau ua rau nws suab.
Txhua tus hais txog cov roj teeb. Ncaj ncees txaus-lawv nyob txhua qhov chaw tam sim no. Tab sis lub zog cia? Qhov ntawd yog kev sib tham loj dua. Peb tab tom tham txog txhua yam los ntawm cov dej ntim loj ntawm cov dej zaum saum roob mus rau kev sib tw ntawm cov hlau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Qee yam ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no tau nyob ib puag ncig txij li thaum koj zoo -poj niam txiv yawg yog menyuam yaus. Lwm tus muaj feem ntau nyob hauv chav kuaj thiab PowerPoint nthuav qhia.
Cia kuv taug kev koj hla qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntawd.
Tus Neeg Ua Haujlwm Laus Tsis Muaj Tus Hais Txog
Pumped hydro cia. Suab dhuav, txoj cai? Ob lub reservoirs ntawm qhov siab sib txawv, qee lub turbines, dej ntws nce thiab nqis. Yooj yim physics.
Tab sis ntawm no yog qhov khoom -qhov "dhuav" thev naus laus zis no ua haujlwm kwv yees li 95% ntawm tag nrho cov phiaj xwm- teev lub zog cia thoob ntiaj teb. Cuaj caum-tsib feem pua. Thaum tib neeg sib cav txog roj teeb chemistry thiab sib cav txog lithium piv rau sodium, pumped hydro cia li ntsiag to ua nws txoj hauj lwm hauv keeb kwm yav dhau.
Lub tswvyim yog yuav luag txaj muag yooj yim. Thaum hluav taws xob pheej yig (feem ntau yog thaum hmo ntuj, lossis thaum lub hnub ci ntsa iab thiab hnub ci ci ntsa iab), koj tso dej nce toj rau hauv lub pas dej. Thaum cov nqi nce siab lossis xav tau nce siab, koj cia cov dej ntawd maj mam rov qab los ntawm turbines. Qhov ua tau zoo hovers nyob ib ncig ntawm 70-85%, uas tsis zoo tag nrho, tab sis lub peev xwm cia yog loj heev. Peb tab tom tham txog cov chaw uas tuaj yeem khaws gigawatt- teev lub zog. Tsis megawatt - teev. Gigawatt - teev. Sim ua qhov ntawd nrog lithium-ion.
Tau kawg, muaj tus ntes. Koj xav tau geography. Koj xav tau ob lub reservoir. Koj xav tau qhov siab qhov sib txawv. Koj tsis tuaj yeem tsim ib qho ntawm cov no hauv Kansas. Kev tso cai ib puag ncig ib leeg yuav siv sijhawm ntau xyoo. Thiab cov nqi them ua ntej? Astronomical. Tab sis ib zaug lawv tau tsim, cov nroj tsuag no khiav rau 50, 60, qee zaum 80 xyoo. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Bath County hauv Virginia tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1985 thiab tsis pom muaj kev txwv.
Compressed Huab cua: Txoj hauv kev hauv av
Compressed cua zog cia (CAES) yog pumped hydro tus npawg weird. Es tsis txhob txav dej, koj nyob nraum compressing huab cua mus rau hauv av qhov tsua - ntsev domes, depleted natural gas teb, aquifers, txawm geological formations tshwm sim muaj.
Thaum lub sijhawm tawm -pawg teev, hluav taws xob compressors thawb huab cua mus rau hauv cov chaw hauv av no ntawm kev ntxhov siab uas yuav ua rau koj lub pob ntseg tsuas xav txog lawv. Thaum koj xav tau lub zog, cov cua compressed tau tso tawm, cua sov (feem ntau nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas tsis yog - yog li - ntsuab ib feem), thiab khiav los ntawm turbines.
Tsuas muaj ob lub chaw lag luam CAES cov chaw ua haujlwm tam sim no. Ob. Ib tug nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees uas tau khiav txij li thaum 1978, thiab ib tug nyob rau hauv Alabama los ntawm 1991. Lub tshuab ua hauj lwm, kom meej meej. Tab sis cov kev cai geological yog nruj, thiab kev lag luam tsis tau xaum tawm hauv ntau qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ua haujlwm ntawm cov qib siab tshaj -adiabatic systems uas ntes thiab rov siv cov cua sov los ntawm compression, tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov pa roj. Cov no feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv kev sim ua haujlwm rau tam sim no.
Flywheels: Ntshiab Mechanical Beauty
Kuv yuav lees tias -flywheels yog kuv nyiam. Muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo nkauj txog kev khaws cia lub zog raws li kev hloov pauv.
Lub flywheel system yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hnyav rotor spinning hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, tshem tawm los ntawm cov kabmob sib nqus kom txo qis kev sib txhuam. Thaum koj muaj hluav taws xob ntau dhau, motors tig lub flywheel sai dua. Thaum koj xav tau lub zog rov qab, qhov kev sib tw loj ntawd tsav lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Lub physics yog huv si, intuitive.
Flywheels ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv roj teeb ntxub: ceev ceev- lub voj voog tawm, ntau lab lub voj voog ntawm lawv lub neej, lub sijhawm teb tam sim ntsuas hauv milliseconds. Lawv zoo meej rau kev tswj hwm zaus- cov me me, qhov kev hloov pauv tas li ntawm daim phiaj yuav tsum nyob ruaj khov ntawm 60 Hz (los yog 50 Hz, nyob ntawm seb koj nyob qhov twg).
Dab tsi lawv tsis zoo? Khaws lub zog rau lub sijhawm ntev. Txawm tias muaj cov kabmob sib nqus zoo tshaj plaws thiab nyob ze - lub tshuab nqus tsev zoo, flywheels poob zog rau kev sib txhuam thaum lub sijhawm. Cia ib tug zaum rau ib hnub thiab koj tau poob ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm koj lub zog khaws cia. Cia nws rau ib lub lim tiam thiab, zoo, tsis txhob thab.
Yog li flywheels nyob ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb: luv-ntev sijhawm, siab- daim ntawv thov fais fab. Cov chaw zov me nyuam siv lawv li choj fais fab hauv ob peb lub vib nas this nws yuav siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob diesel los ncaws hauv. Qee qhov kev thauj mus los tau rov qab lub zog braking rau hauv flywheels thiab tso nws rov qab mus rau peb txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv vib nas this. NASA tau ua si nrog lawv rau lub dav hlau.
Cov roj teeb: Pawg Txhua tus neeg mob siab txog
Okay, cia peb tham txog roj teeb. Cov kev xaiv electrochemical tau tawg nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, thiab ncaj ncees nws tau txais kev tsis meej pem.
Lithium -Iondominates kev sib tham rau qhov laj thawj zoo. High zog ceev txhais tau tias ntau cia nyob rau hauv tsawg qhov chaw. Lub neej voj voog tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb nrog cov chemistry tshiab. Cov nqi tau poob qis dua -zoo li, poob 90% txij li xyoo 2010 zoo li plummeted. Koj lub xov tooj, koj lub laptop, tsheb fais fab, thiab nce ntxiv, daim phiaj cia tag nrho khiav ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lithium-ion.
Tab sis "lithium{0}}ion" tsis yog ib yam. Nws yog tsev neeg. Lithium hlau phosphate (LFP) txi qee lub zog ceev kom muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo dua thiab lub neej ntev dua - tsis muaj cobalt, uas tseem ceeb rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev lag luam. Cov tuam txhab suav suav tau mus tag nrho - nyob rau hauv LFP, thiab tam sim no nws tab tom ua. Lub caij no, npib tsib xee-manganese-cobalt (NMC) ntim ntau lub zog ib kilogram, uas tseem ceeb thaum koj tab tom sim muab lub tsheb fais fab kom zoo.
Sab tsaus nti ntawm lithium-ion? Thermal khiav. Cov roj teeb no tuaj yeem ntes hluav taws hauv kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj yog tias puas, overcharged, lossis tsuas yog hmoov tsis zoo. Kev tsim khoom yog lub zog- siv zog. Cov khoom siv rau lithium thiab cobalt muaj lawv tus kheej lub hnab nqa khoom. Thiab thaum kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv kev txhim kho, feem ntau cov roj teeb siv tau tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw pov tseg.
Flow roj teebcoj txoj kev sib txawv kiag li. Hloov chaw khaws cia lub zog hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv siv cov kua electrolytes hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam sab nraud. Xav muaj peev xwm ntau dua? Tsuas yog tau lub tank loj dua. Lub zog thiab lub zog yog decoupled, uas hloov tag nrho lub tswv yim tsim.
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) yog cov laus tshaj plaws. Lawv siv tau mus ib txhis -peb tab tom tham txog 15,000 txog 20,000 lub voj voog, tej zaum ntau dua. Tsis muaj degradation los ntawm kev tso tawm tob. Cov electrolyte tsis hnav tawm; nws tsuas yog sloshes rov qab los ntawm lub cell pawg. Nees nkaum-tsib xyoo nyob rau hauv, koj tuaj yeem tso cov electrolyte, xa nws mus rau lwm qhov, thiab siv nws.
Tab sis cov roj teeb ntws yog loj heev. Tsawg zog ceev txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis muaj kev nkag siab rau cov tsheb lossis cov ntawv thov nqa tau. Vanadium tsis pheej yig thiab. Rau daim phiaj- nplai cia qhov twg hneev taw tsis muaj teeb meem thiab siv tau ntev? Lawv ntxim nyiam dua.
Lead -acidyog tus thawj rechargeable roj teeb, yeej tsis hloov txij li thaum 1859. Koj lub tsheb pib nrog ib tug. Lawv pheej yig, zoo - nkag siab, thiab 98% recyclable. Tab sis lub voj voog lub neej yog nruab nrab, lub zog ceev tsis zoo, thiab lawv hnyav. Rau daim phiaj daim ntawv thov, lawv tau hloov pauv ntau, tab sis lawv tseem ua tus thawj tswj hwm hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob thaub qab uas tus nqi tseem ceeb tshaj txhua yam.
Sodium -Ionyog tus tshiab tau txais kev mob siab rau. Sodium yog nyob txhua qhov chaw -hais hauv dej hiav txwv- yog li kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov saw hlau yuav ploj mus. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tuaj yeem rov qab siv lithium -Ion Hoobkas khoom siv. Kev ua tau zoo tsis zoo ntawm lithium- qib ion tseem, tab sis nws tau kaw qhov sib txawv sai. CATL tau pib tsim khoom loj hauv xyoo 2023. Hauv tsib xyoos, sodium-ion tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev lag luam loj rau kev khaws cia.
Kuv yuav tsum haisnpib tsib x -cadmium(tseem siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov kev lag luam, txawm tias cadmium yog tshuaj lom thiab EU tau txwv nws),nickel{0}}hlau hydride(Nco Prius ua ntej nws mus lithium?), thiabsodium -sulfur(siab-kub tshuab uas cov tuam txhab Nyij Pooj tau thawb nyuaj rau xyoo 2000s). Tab sis ntawm no kuv tab tom teev cov khoom tsuas yog sau lawv. Qhov kev muaj tiag yog tias lithium - ion thiab cov roj teeb ntws yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm, nrog sodium - ion tuaj sai.
Thermal Cia: Thaum tshav kub kub li roj teeb
Ntawm no yog ib pawg uas tsis tau txais kev saib xyuas txaus: khaws cia lub zog raws li cua sov (los yog txias).
Molten ntsev ciayog li cas concentrated solar fais fab nroj tsuag ua hauj lwm hmo ntuj. Daim iav tsom lub hnub ci mus rau lub pej thuam, cua sov molten ntsev rau 500-600 degree. Cov ntsev ntawd tau khaws cia rau hauv lub tank insulated, thiab thaum koj xav tau hluav taws xob, koj siv nws los ua chav thiab khiav lub turbine. Gemasolar cog hauv Spain tuaj yeem tsim lub zog rau 15 teev tom qab hnub poob. Crescent Dunes hauv Nevada tuav cov cua sov txaus rau 10 teev ntawm tiam.
Qhov txias tshaj plaws txog molten ntsev yog tias qhov kub cia yog pheej yig. Txoj kev pheej yig dua ib kWh dua li roj teeb. Qhov tsis yog - txias tshaj plaws yog qhov puag ncig - kev ua haujlwm zoo - koj poob ntau hauv kev hloov pauv los ntawm tshav kub mus rau hluav taws xob thiab rov qab.
Dej khovyog qhov thermal sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm- hloov. Cov tsev lag luam khov dej thaum hmo ntuj thaum cov nqi hluav taws xob tsawg, ces siv cov dej khov no los muab cov cua txias thaum tav su. Nws tsis yog glamorous, tab sis nws ua haujlwm. Disney World siv nws. Ntau lub tsev ua haujlwm hauv cov huab cua kub siv nws. Koj yeej tseem siv dej khov ua lub roj teeb rau kev xav tau txias.
Tseem muaj cov tswv yim tshiab:Carnot roj teebuas khaws hluav taws xob ua cua sov thiab hloov nws rov qab siv lub tshuab cua sov, lub tank dej kub lub sijhawm ntawd - hloov hluav taws xob cua sov, lub caij ntuj sov cia rau tag nrho cov zej zog. Lub thermal ntug yog qhov xav tsis thoob.
Hydrogen: Lub Wildcard
Hydrogen zog cia muaj cov neeg txhawb siab thiab cov neeg thuam hnyav, thiab ncaj ncees, ob leeg muaj cov ntsiab lus siv tau.
Qhov kev thov rov hais dua yog yooj yim: siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv dua los faib dej rau hauv hydrogen thiab oxygen (electrolysis). Khaws cov hydrogen. Thaum koj xav tau lub zog, khiav nws los ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob lossis hlawv nws hauv lub turbine. Hydrogen tuaj yeem khaws lub zog loj rau lub sijhawm ntev heev -lub lis piam, hli, txawm lub caij.
Qhov kev thuam yog qhov yooj yim sib npaug: qhov kev sib tw -kev ua haujlwm tau zoo heev. Koj poob 30% hauv electrolysis. Koj poob ntau dua hauv compression lossis liquefaction. Koj poob ntau converting rov qab rau hluav taws xob. Xaus-rau- kawg, koj yuav tau txais 30-40% ntawm koj lub zog qub rov qab. Muab piv rau 85-90% rau lithium-ion.
Yog li thaum twg hydrogen ua rau kev nkag siab? Thaum koj xav tau khaws cov nyiaj ntau ntawm lub zog rau lub sijhawm ntev. Thaum koj nyob nraum decarbonizing cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas xav tau kub kub. Thaum koj xav tau lub zog thauj khoom uas tuaj yeem thauj tau mus ntev. Thaum lwm txoj kev xaiv cia tsis tuaj yeem ua txoj haujlwm.
Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau bet hnyav rau hydrogen. Yog li muaj Nyiv. Australia tab tom tsim cov khoom lag luam xa tawm kom xa zaub ntsuab hydrogen mus rau Asia. Txawm hais tias qhov thawj koom ruam no them tawm yog nyob ntawm cov nqi nqis los sai dua li cov roj teeb txhim kho- thiab cov roj teeb txhim kho sai.
Ultra-Short-Cov Khoom Siv Sijhawm
Supercapacitorskhaws lub zog electrostatically es tsis yog electrochemically. Lawv tuaj yeem them thiab tso tawm yuav luag tam sim ntawd, tswj ntau lab lub voj voog, thiab muab lub zog tsis txaus ntseeg. Qhov lawv ua tsis tau yog khaws cia ntau zog. Lub txhab nyiaj supercapacitor qhov loj ntawm lub thawv xa khoom tuaj yeem khaws cov roj teeb li cas ntawm lub thawv ntim khoom.
Lawv qhov chaw qab zib yog ultra- tawg luv luv: rov tsim dua tshiab hauv cov tsheb thauj mus los, ua kom lub zog xa mus rau hauv kev txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv, muab qhov sib cais -thib ob ntawm lub zog UPS xav tau ua ntej cov roj teeb siv dua.
Superconducting sib nqus zog cia(SMES) yog qhov txawv dua. Khaws lub zog hauv qhov chaw sib nqus tsim los ntawm superconducting coils txias rau qhov kub thiab txias. Ze ntawm - teb tam sim ntawd, tsis muaj degradation, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej tsis kawg. Tab sis cov nqi thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov kub thiab txias tau khaws SMES hauv cov ntawv thov niche-feem ntau lub zog zoo rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lwm cov chaw uas txawm tias lub sijhawm luv luv voltage sags raug nqi ntau lab.
Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus cia: Lub tswv yim qub qub
Ib pawg ntxiv uas tsim nyog hais txog: lub ntiajteb txawj nqus-raws li cov tshuab uas tsis yog siv dej.
Zog Vaulttsim cov tshuab crane uas sib dhos thiab tshem tawm cov pob zeb loj loj. Nqa cov blocks thaum lub zog pheej yig, txo lawv los ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thaum koj xav tau lub zog. Nws yog pumped hydro tsis muaj dej, qhov tseem ceeb.
Lwm lub tuam txhab tab tom tshawb nrhiav cov mines uas tso tseg - txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub ncej, tsa lawv rov qab. Los yog lub hom phiaj- ua cov pej thuam. Los yog txawm tias cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog cov tsheb ciav hlau thauj khoom nrog pob zeb ntawm txoj kev inclined.
Pawg neeg txiav txim tseem tawm ntawm seb cov no puas tuaj yeem sib tw kev lag luam. The energy density of gravity storage is inherently low-you need a lot of mass and height to store meaningful energy. Tab sis cov neeg tawm tswv yim sib cav hais tias siv cov khoom pheej yig (pob zeb, pob zeb) thiab cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim tuaj yeem tuav cov roj teeb ntawm tus nqi rau kev siv sijhawm ntev -.
Yog li dab tsi tiag tiag?
Yog tias koj tau nyeem tam sim no, koj yuav xav tsis thoob: lub tshuab twg yeej?
Tsis yog lus nug.
Lub zog cia tsis yog tus yeej - coj- tag nrho lub khw. Cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv haum cov niches sib txawv raws li lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm teb, qhov chaw, tus nqi qauv, thiab daim ntawv thov.
Xav tau kev cai zaus hauv milliseconds? Flywheels los yog roj teeb. Xav tau plaub teev thaub qab rau lub hnub ci cog? Lithium-Ion lossis roj teeb ntws. Yuav tsum tau hloov lub caij nyoog txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv? Tej zaum hydrogen, los yog pumped hydro yog geography tso cai. Xav kom txias lub tsev thaum xav tau siab tshaj? Dej khov.
Cov kab sib chaws ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej yuav tsis khiav ntawm ib qho kev khaws cia technology. Nws yuav txheej ntau lub thev naus laus zis-supercapacitors rau cov lus teb tam sim, roj teeb rau feeb mus rau teev, nqus dej rau txhua hnub kev caij tsheb kauj vab, hydrogen lossis thermal kom ntev dua. Txhua qhov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm spectrum yuav zoo li yuav tau sau los ntawm txawm technology muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws economics rau daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Qhov zoo siab tshaj plaws yog tias cov nqi poob rau yuav luag tag nrho cov pawg no. Lithium- cov nqi roj teeb ion tau cratered. Cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau ua raws li kev kawm zoo sib xws. Flow roj teeb ntau lawm yog scaling. Txawm tias cov twj siv dej tau pom kev tsim kho tshiab nrog kaw - lub voj voog thiab cov dej hauv av.
Kaum xyoo dhau los, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm qhov no zoo li kev lag luam ntawm qhov ntsuas. Tam sim no? Kev cia yog qhov nrawm tshaj plaws - ntu loj hlob ntawm lub zog.