Kev hloov pauv- cov khoom siv anode feem ntau suav nrog hlau oxides, phosphides, sulfides, thiab nitrides. Hauv cov txheej txheem electrochemical, cov ntaub ntawv no txhawb kev tsim lossis decomposition ntawmlithium compoundslos ntawm kev txo lossis oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau. Vim tias lawv tuaj yeem koom nrog ntau- cov txheej txheem electron redox, anodes raws li cov ntaub ntawv no muaj peev xwm thim rov qab siab txog 1000 mA·bg.
FeOₓ
Vim lawv cov nqi qis, tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom, muaj ntau yam kev cia siab, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj peev xwm theoretical tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv hlau oxide tau raug tshawb fawb los ua cov khoom siv anode rau lithium{0}} ion roj teeb. Cov hlau oxide feem ntau suav nrog -Fe₂O₃, -Fe₂O₃, thiab Fe₃O₄. Cov tebchaw no muaj peev xwm theoretical tshwj xeeb ntawm kwv yees li 1007 mA·h / g thiab 926 mA·h / g, feem. Txawm li cas los xij, hlau oxide ntsib ntau yam teeb meem thaum lub sij hawm siv tswv yim. Lub kinetics qeeb ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm electron / ion thiab loj ntim expansion / contraction thaum lub sij hawm rov tsub nqi-tso cov txheej txheem ua rau kom muaj peev xwm sai sai thiab tsis zoo tus nqi ntawm cov hlau oxide electrodes. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv hlau oxide feem ntau muaj qhov hluav taws xob tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov tswv yim xws li morphology thiab cov qauv tswj, carbon txheej, thiab kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau lub tswv yim, thiab qee qhov kev vam meej tau ua tiav.
CoOₓ
Cobalt oxides (CoOₓ), xws li Co₃O₄ thiab CoO, kuj tau kawm dav dav li cov ntaub ntawv anode rau lithium{0}} ion roj teeb vim lawv qhov muaj peev xwm theoretical siab. Zoo li cov hlau oxides, CoOₓ raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tib qho kev sib tw: qhov ntim loj hloov thaum lub sij hawm them nqi-kev tso tawm, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qeeb qeeb, ua rau muaj peev xwm sai sai thiab tsis zoo caij tsheb kauj vab. Guan et al. synthesized ib zaug -theem yim-sided Co₃O₄ nanodisks siv oxygen ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ntej. Cov nanodisks no muaj qhov me me ntawm 100-200 nm thiab xa rov qab muaj peev xwm ntawm kwv yees li 474 mAh / g thaum cycled ntawm qhov ceev tam sim no. Qhov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias morphology thiab particle loj muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm electrochemical ntawm CoOₓ. Wang et al. npaj Co₃O₄ nanoneedles cog ncaj qha rau ntawm titanium substrate siv txoj kev hydrothermal. Cov nanoneedles no tsis tau tsuas yog nthuav tawm cov hluav taws xob zoo heev nrog cov khoom siv tam sim no tab sis kuj tseem ua tau zoo buffered ntim nthuav dav. Tom qab 30 lub voj voog ntawm 0.2C, lawv tseem muaj peev xwm thim rov qab siab ntawm 1015 mAh / g.
Rau CoOₓ composite systems muaj li ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj, cov synergistic nyhuv ntawm lub Cheebtsam yuav ntxiv txhim kho tag nrho cov electrochemical kev ua tau zoo. Piv txwv li, kev sib txuas ntawm cobalt oxide nrog cov pa roj carbon zoo heev - cov ntaub ntawv los yog lwm cov hlau oxides tuaj yeem txhim kho tus nqi kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ruaj ntseg. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev mob siab rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim cov tshuab sib xyaw hauv daim teb no.
ZnO
Zinc oxide kuj tau txais kev saib xyuas dav dav raws li cov khoom siv anode rau lithium{0}} ion roj teeb vim nws qhov muaj peev xwm theoretical muaj peev xwm, tus nqi qis, yooj yim ntawm kev npaj, thiab ntau yam morphologies. ZnO reacts nrog lithium los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke (ua cov Li-Zn alloy) thiab hloov pauv (ua Li₂O). Nws lub peev xwm theoretical tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem ncav cuag 978 mAh / g, uas yog siab dua li ntawm graphite anodes. Txawm li cas los xij, zinc oxide raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo, qhov ntim loj loj / kev sib cog lus thaum lub sij hawm rov ua dua-kho tawm mus, thiab tiam ntawm ntau qhov tsis muaj zog Li₂O thaum caij tsheb kauj vab. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau muaj peev xwm lwj sai, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab lub neej luv luv ntawm ZnO electrodes. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov tswv yim xws li morphology thiab qauv tswj, carbon txheej, doping nrog heteroatoms, thiab tsim ZnO-raws li kev sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau ua tau zoo dua lithium cia kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev sib txuas ntau cov tswv yim hloov kho, thiab qee cov hlau zincate tebchaw kuj muaj kev ua tau zoo electrochemical.
4. MPₓ
Hlau phosphides kuj tau nyiam cov neeg siv khoom siv anode rau lithium-ion roj teeb nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Cov tebchaw no feem ntau hnov mob nrog lithium los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov txheej txheem thiab feem ntau muaj cov theoretical tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm vim muaj ntau yam - hluav taws xob hloov pauv cov tshuaj hauv ib chav tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv feem ntau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov ntim loj loj thaum lub sij hawm lithiation / delithiation, ua rau pulverization thiab poob ntawm hluav taws xob sib cuag ntawm cov khoom nquag thiab cov khoom siv tam sim no, uas txwv tsis pub lawv cov kev siv tau zoo.
Ntawm lawv, hlau, cobalt, npib tsib xee, thiab tooj liab-raws li phosphides tau siv zog kawm nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Siv cov hlau phosphides ua piv txwv, lawv cov theoretical tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm ncav cuag 500-1800 mA·h / g. Tsis tas li ntawd, hlau phosphides feem ntau pom cov lithium cia voltages siab dua (feem ntau yog 0.5–1 V vs. Li⁺/Li) dua li cov hlau oxides thiab hlau sulfides, uas yuav pab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm lithium dendrite tsim thaum them ceev. Ntxiv mus, hlau phosphides feem ntau pom muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov hlau oxides sib xws, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev txhim kho tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim qauv tsim nyog ntawm cov hlau phosphide nanostructures thiab lawv cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv carbon{10}}raws li tau dhau los ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb hauv daim teb no. Piv txwv xws li Ni₂P, NiP₂, NiP₃, Ni₅P₄, CoP, Co₂P, CoP₃, FeP, FeP₂, Cu₃P, thiab lwm yam. Cov tebchaw no tau pom tias muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm lithium cia hauv kev tshawb fawb, uas qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo rau kev siv. Ni₂P thiab Li–Ni–P ternary compounds tuaj yeem ua tiav ultrafast lithium{14}}ion intercalation/deintercalation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv vim lawv cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab cov hluav taws xob muaj zog.